公意道德觀與個體享樂道德觀

公意道德觀與個體享樂道德觀只是看起來對立，其實是從同一種生存感覺產生出來的。人民公意道德的正當性根據究竟是什麼？初看起來，與妓女瑪麗昂的生存原則的正當性根據（享樂）不同，人民道德的正當性根據來自人的身體痛苦。人民拉弗羅特說：“疼痛是唯一的罪過，受苦是唯一的邪惡；我可要做個有德行的人。 ”人民道德的訴求不過是私人的痛苦得到補償的媒介，公意道德只是聽起來為了消除世界的罪過和邪惡，其實是為了彌補自己身體的疼痛，像畢希納認識的窮苦人奧伊采克說的：“錢，錢哪！誰沒有錢——那麼誰在這個世界上就只能指望道德了！”　如果主張享樂的瑪麗昂覺得世界上沒有罪惡可言，公意道德多餘，感覺到自己身體痛苦的拉弗羅特覺得世界充滿了邪惡, 公意德行是社會必需的,那麼,是不是其中有一種感覺把生存的事實搞錯了?瑪麗昂真的不覺得身體的疼痛，像她母親說的，只有快感或不快感。感覺享樂或痛苦的身體都是同一個人身，身體就是身體，沒有什麼生理本體差別。你感到身體的享樂，我感到身體的痛苦，或者相反，感覺不都是一樣？　　

不一樣!　　
痛苦是身體的自然本性受到損害或自然欲求受到阻抑。

畢希納把自己的生命體驗帶入案情分析。有一次，他親身感受到身體的自然在體的受傷。他去山區旅行時，寄宿在一個農家，正好遇上這戶人家的幾歲大的男孩死 了。畢希納觸摸到這個小男孩冰涼的屍體,不禁打了一個生存性的寒顫:“這個小孩怎麼就這樣被遺棄了？……難道這副容貌、這樣平靜的面孔應該腐爛嗎?”　　

痛苦就是由這“應該”的質詢引導出來的,這“應該”基於一個超自然的理。

...一場關於上帝存在的討論，尖銳地觸及到近代神學的阿裏斯之踵：神義論因個人的痛苦而失效。在這場討論中，丹東和羅伯斯庇爾的立場完全一致：這個世界不可能設想是完美的，既然如此，怎麼可以推斷出造物主這個完美無缺的存在？丹東的同夥裴恩說：除非消除生命在世的不完善，才能證明上帝的存在；我可以不談人世的邪惡，卻無法罔顧我的痛苦。神義論用人的理智證明上帝的存在，人的感情卻不斷提出抗議。“為什麼我在受痛苦？這就是我的無神論的砥柱。痛苦的一次最輕微的抽搐，哪怕僅僅牽扯到一根毫髮，也會把創造物這個概念從頭到尾撕破一個大裂口。”

痛苦成為無神論的砥柱,完全是有神論自己惹來的麻煩:神與至善至福相表裏,有神在,就不應該有痛苦。如果無神,也就無至善至福,痛苦就只是自然秩序中的“適偶”,不可能成為什麼的“砥柱”。

不靠神義而靠人義來克服痛苦的方式:自然性的個體享樂或者公意道德的恐怖革命。這不正分別是尼采思想和馬克思思想的作案方向?妓女瑪麗昂和丹東是尼采的先驅，要求以享樂克服痛苦的消極自由，羅伯斯庇爾是馬克思的先驅，要求以積極自由建立的道德公意的社會制度克服痛苦。 享樂的個體道德拒絕用超自然之理來克服偶在的受傷。丹東以為，享樂道德和"道袍"道德都不過是為了讓偶在個體的身體“心安理得”,差異在於,享樂道德並不因身體偶在的受損或受挫而抱怨身體的偶在,不把身體的自然受傷轉移給應然法庭來重新評理,這就勾銷了基於身體的痛苦提出應然道德的可能性。痛苦感覺基於把自然與應然弄混了,把生存的自然意義與生存的道德意義弄混了。

所以，丹東才覺得，從痛苦中生產出的道德訴求引出可以為了“應然”而推行道德革命的自由是不道德的。享樂道德持守生存的自然意義,依循自然性的（消極）自由,拒絕應然性的（積極）自由。不能區分人生的道德意義和自然意義的差異,也就不能區分積極自由與消極自由的差異。身體是自然而然的，身體感覺也是自然地有歧義的。只要應然之理不介入生存的感覺區域,讓生存處於自然迴圈的節律,就不會走到誇張痛苦、籲請公義的地步。生存的意義只是生存偶在的自然性發生,不能以應然之理打斷自然迴圈的節律,應然地安排人生。進一步說,不能以自己的痛苦感為依據設定公意道德的“應然”，推出為了公意道德的積極自由行為的正當性。

如果返回到自然性,就不會有應然這回事，任何一種感覺都沒有在道德意義上高於其他感覺的權利。這就是瑪麗昂說“鮮花也 好，玩具也好，感覺都是一樣”的意思，也是瑪麗昂要葆有生存的享樂感,否定生存的痛苦感的原因。可是，羅伯斯庇爾的道袍道德所依據的應然之理，也不是純粹超自然的，好像基督教的超自然的上帝，毋寧說，其革命法理有著另一種感覺的自然性基礎。　

;)

論語108

君子不重則不威，學則不固，主忠信，毋友不如己者，過則勿憚改。

Fatima says

You have told me about your dreams, about the old king and your treasure. And you've told me about omens. So now, I fear nothing, because it was those omens that brought you to me. And I am a part of your dream, a part of your personal legend, as you call it.

that's why i want you to continue toward your goal. If you have to wait until the war is over, then wait. But if you have to go before then, go on in pursuit of your dream. The dunes are changed by the wind, but the desert never changes. That's the way it will be with out love for each other.

Makhub, If I am really a part of your dream, you'll come back one day.

The desert takes our men from us, and they don't always return. We know that, and we are used to it. Those who don't return become a part of the clouds, a part of the animals that hide in the ravines and of the water that comes from the earth. They become a part of everything... they become the soul of the world.

Some do come back. And then the other women are happy because they believe that their men may one day return as well. I used to look at those women and envy them their happiness. Now, i too will be one of the women who wait.

I am a desert woman, and I'm proud of that. I want my husband to wander as free as the wind that shapes the dunes. And, if i have to, I will accept the fact that he has become a part of the clouds, and the animals, and the water of the desert.

IF

If i ever bet on humanity,
I will never cash a ticket.

present of a secret

"Goodbye," said the fox. "And now here is my secret, a very simple secret: It is only with the heart that one can see rightly; what is essential is invisible to the eye."

"What is essential is invisible to the eye," the little prince repeated, so that he would be sure to remember.

"It is the time you have wasted for your rose that makes your rose so important."

"It is the time I have wasted for my rose--" said the little prince, so that he would be sure to remember.

"Men have forgotten this truth," said the fox. "But you must not forget it. You become responsible, forever, for what you have tamed. You are responsible for your rose..."

"I am responsible for my rose," the little prince repeated, so that he would be sure to remember.

震撼

so you wanted to be a writer?

if it doesn't come bursting out of you
in spite of everything,
don't do it.
unless it comes unasked out of your
heart and your mind and your mouth
and your gut,
don’t do it.
if you have to sit for hours staring at your computer screen
or hunched over your
typewriter
searching for words,
don’t do it.
if you’re doing if for money or
fame,
don’t do it.
if you’re doing it because you want
women in your bed,
don’t do it.
if you have to sit there and rewrite it again and again,
don’t do it.
if it’s hard work just thinking about doing it,
don’t do it.
if you’re trying to write like somebody
else,
forget about it.

if you have to wait for it to roar out of
you,
then wait patiently.
if it never does roar out of you,
do something else.

if you first have to read it to your wife
or your girlfriend or your boyfriend
or your parents or to anybody at all,
you’re not ready.

don’t be like so many writers,
don’t be like so many thousands of
people who call themselves writers,
don’t be dull and boring and
pretentious, don’t be consumed with self-
love.
the libraries of the world have
yawned themselves to
sleep
over your kind.
don’t add to that.
don’t do it.
unless it comes out of
your soul like a rocket,
unless being still would
drive you to madness or
suicide or murder,
don’t do it.
unless the sun inside you is
burning your gut,
don’t do it.

when it is truly time,
and if you have been chosen,
it will do it by
itself and it will keep on doing it
until you die or it dies in
you.

there’s no other way.

and there never was.

Sifting Throught the Madness For The Word, The Line, The Way